flowchart TD
A[Kraken2 detection] --> B[minimap2 validation]
B --> C{Good alignment?}
C -->|No| D[Likely false positive]
C -->|Yes| E[Check read count]
E --> F{Sufficient signal?}
F -->|No| G[Low confidence]
F -->|Yes| H[Check context]
H --> I{Biologically plausible?}
I -->|No| J[Possible contamination]
I -->|Yes| K[Supported detection]
Interpretation framework
How to interpret Nanopore pathogen detection results
Note
Public This page provides a general framework for interpreting Nanopore sequencing results in pathogen detection, independent of specific experimental setups.
Overview
Nanopore sequencing 可以快速產生大量 reads,但:
detect ≠ true presence ≠ biological relevance
因此,結果判讀需要整合多個層面的證據,而不是依賴單一指標。
Core principle
Nanopore pathogen detection interpretation 應基於三個核心面向:
- Signal strength(訊號強度)
- Specificity(特異性)
- Context(生物與實驗脈絡)
👉 三者缺一不可
1️⃣ Signal strength
評估「訊號是否足夠支持存在」
常用指標:
- read count(reads 數)
- total bases
- relative abundance
- depth(如果有 reference)
Interpretation concept
- 高 read count → 較可信
- 極低 read count → 需謹慎(可能 background)
Warning
低 read count 的 detection 不應直接解讀為陽性。
2️⃣ Specificity
評估「訊號是否真的來自目標」
需要確認:
- alignment quality(minimap2)
- coverage pattern(是否均勻)
- 是否為 conserved region(可能 cross-match)
- database bias(Kraken2)
常見問題
- 近緣物種誤判
- conserved gene(如 rRNA)造成假陽性
- k-mer overlap
👉 因此:
Kraken2 結果應由 alignment 驗證
3️⃣ Context
這是最重要、也最常被忽略的一層
需要考慮:
- sample type(environment / tissue / culture)
- expected microbiome
- known contamination sources
- negative control
- experimental design
Example
- 在 environmental sample 中偵測到低量 bacteria → 可能正常
- 在 sterile tissue 中偵測到同樣 bacteria → 可能重要
Integration logic
實務上應整合三個面向:
| Signal | Specificity | Context | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | High | Consistent | Strong evidence |
| Low | High | Consistent | Possible presence |
| Low | Low | Inconsistent | Likely noise |
| High | Low | Inconsistent | Suspect artifact |
Minimal interpretation workflow
Common pitfalls
Warning
錯誤判讀通常來自「單一指標導向」。
- 只看 Kraken2
- 只看 read count
- 不做 alignment
- 忽略 negative control
- 忽略 sample context
Practical guidelines(general)
以下為通用建議(非固定標準):
- 不依賴單一 read 作為證據
- 優先確認 alignment quality
- 檢查 coverage 是否合理
- 與 negative control 比較
- 將結果放入 biological context 解讀
What this framework does NOT define
Note
This framework does not define strict thresholds.
以下項目需依不同實驗設定調整:
- read count threshold
- coverage cutoff
- abundance cutoff
- clinical significance criteria
👉 這些通常屬於:
- specific project
- clinical validation
- regulatory setting
Quick takeaway
Tip
Nanopore 結果判讀不是單一數值判斷,而是多層證據整合。
Signal、specificity 與 context 必須同時考量,才能避免 false positive 或 over-interpretation。